Muscovite rulers had long feared incursions by the Tatars, and in 1547–48 and 1549–50 unsuccessful campaigns were undertaken against the hostile khanate of Kazan, on the Volga River. He also promoted the Orthodox Church and oriented Russian foreign policy toward Europe. It means the "land apart." A pro-Russian party, represented by Shahgali, gained enough popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne. When Ivan 4 took over power he sought to revise the laws and make them clear. Ivan established close ties with the Kingdom of England. He was the first to be crowned as "Tsar of All the Russias", partly imitating his grandfather, Ivan III the Great, who had title Grand Prince of all Rus'. Ivan celebrated his victory over Kazan by building several churches with oriental features, most famously Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow. During his troubled relations with the boyars, Ivan even asked her for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England if his rule was jeopardised. Having investigated the report of Maljuta Skuratov and commemoration lists (, Russian chronicles record about 40 attacks of Kazan Khans on Russian territories (the regions of, Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 396, 120,000-strong, according to Russian cronicles // Новгородская вторая летопись. He introduced local self-government to rural regions, mainly in northeastern Russia, populated by the state peasantry. His beard is reddish-black, long and thick, but most other hairs on his head are shaved off according to the Russian habits of the time". The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. Ivan the Terrible by Klavdiy Lebedev, 1916. [76] While early Marxist–Leninist historiography "attached greater significance to socio-economic forces than to political history and the role of individuals", Stalin wanted official historians to make Russia's history "comprehensible and accessible" to the populace, with an emphasis on those "great men" such as Ivan, Alexander Nevsky and Peter the Great, who had strengthened and expanded Russia. The attempts of the Moscow government to gain a foothold on the Middle Volga kept provoking uprisings of local peoples, which was suppressed only with great difficulty. Ivan III made an early contribution to the eventual resurgence of Russia by. [78] but the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea.[79]. Kazan finally fell on 2 October, its fortifications were razed and much of the population massacred. Russia was at war for the greater part of Ivan’s reign. "Ivan the Terrible as Renaissance Prince". However, Yadegar failed to gather the full sum of tribute that he proposed to the tsar and so Ivan did nothing to save his inefficient vassal. Although more than one architect was associated with that name, it is believed that the principal architect is the same person. The Byzantine influence can be seen in Kiev’s government because. They attributed the high mercury content in his body to his use of ointments to heal his joints. The ongoing Livonian War made Moscow's garrison to number only 6,000 and could not even delay the Tatar approach. Painting by Klavdiy Lebedev, 1898. Little is known about Ivan's appearance, as virtually all existing portraits were made after his death and contain uncertain amounts of artist's impression. In 1551, the tsar sent his envoy to the Nogai Horde, and they promised to maintain neutrality during the impending war. [39] Many survivors were deported elsewhere. Ivan Sheremetev took 13,000 Russians to pursue the Tatars and fell into an ambush. Under its terms Russia lost all its gains in Livonia, and an armistice with Sweden in 1583 compelled Russia to give up towns on the Gulf of Finland. Ivan III was a very ambitious ruler. A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the throne. With some 540 Cossacks, he started to penetrate territories that were tributary to Kuchum. Russia was devastated by a combination of drought: famine; unsuccessful wars against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Tatar invasions and the sea-trading blockade carried out by the Swedes, Poles and the Hanseatic League. [66] Upon Ivan's death, the Russian throne was left to his unfit middle son, Feodor,[55] a weak-minded figure. [21] The new title not only secured the throne but also granted Ivan a new dimension of power that was intimately tied to religion.
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