After the typhus epidemic of 1580, only 1,440 Indians survived. Considered both warlike and brave, the Guachichiles also roamed through a large section of the present-day state of Zacatecas. The second factor was the Mixtón Rebellion of 1541-1542. (Stanford users can avoid this Captcha by logging in.). However, in time, they learned to both fear and respect many of these Indians as brave and courageous defenders of their ancestral homelands. Otomí is widely spoken through many central Mexican states, while the Mixtec and Zapotec languages have their origins in the southern state of Oaxaca. Schaefer, Stacy B. and Furst, Peter T. People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1996. “The Indigenous Peoples of Western Mexico from the Spanish Invasion to the Present: The Center-West as Cultural Region and Natural Environment,” in Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 2.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. According to Mr. Powell, the Caxcanes were “the heart and the center of the Indian rebellion in 1541 and 1542.” After the Mixtón Rebellion, the Cazcanes became allies of the Spaniards. The Náhuatl, Otomí, Mixtec and Zapotec languages are believed to be largely migrant languages in Jalisco. The capital of Jalisco is Guadalajara, which had a 2010 population of 1,495,182. Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982. Given this fact, it makes sense that many sons and daughters of Jalisco are curious about the cultural and linguistic roots of their indigenous ancestors. When Guzmán arrived in the area in February 1530, the Tecuexes fled at first, but returned a few days later. Although the main home of the Guachichile Indians lay in Zacatecas, they had a significant representation in the Los Altos area of Jalisco. However, in other areas such as Lake Chapala, the Tecuexes and Cocas were adversaries. When the Spaniards first entered their territory, some of the Coca Indians, guided by their leader Tzitlali, moved away to a small valley surrounded by high mountains, a place they named “Cocolan.” When the Spaniards arrived in the vicinity of present-day Guadalajara in 1530, they found about one thousand dispersed farmers belonging to both the Tecuexes and Cocas. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1968. But after the Mixtón Rebellion of the early 1540s, whole communities of Cazcanes were moved south to the plains near Guadalajara. It was the duty of the encomendero to Christianize, educate and feed the natives under their care. San Cristóbal de la Barranca (North central Jalisco). Gerhard, Peter. From Magdalena and Tequila in the west to Jalostotitlán and Cerro Gordo in the east, the Tecuexes occupied a considerable area of northern Jalisco. Thank you. The Tecuexes were also studied extensively by Dr. Baus de Czitrom, who reported that the Spaniards considered them to be brave and bold warriors (“Los Tecuexes eran valientes y audaces guerreros.”) The Tecuexes and Cocas both occupied some of the same communities within central Jalisco, primarily in the region of Guadalajara. The employment of Tarascans, Mexicans, and Tlaxcalans for the purpose of “defensive colonization” also encouraged a gradual assimilation of the Chichimecas. On June 23, 1823, the Department of Guadalajara was proclaimed as the “El Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco” (The Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco). However, in the next two decades, the populous coastal region north of Banderas Bay witnessed the greatest population decline. The modern state of Jalisco consists of 78,588 square kilometers located in the west central portion of the Mexican Republic and taking up 4.0% of the national territory. Unfortunately, independence did not bring stability to Jalisco, nor did it bring economic reform to the descendants of Jalisco’s indigenous peoples. By 1550, this number had dropped to 220,000. “The Hunter-Gathering People of North México,” in the North Mexican Frontier: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnography. Subsequently, Indians from the highland areas were transported to work in the cacao plantations. Even today, the Huichol Indians of Jalisco and Nayarit currently inhabit an isolated region of the Sierra Madre Occidental. http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/651501701>. In 2010, seven municipios had indigenous language speakers who made up between 2.3% and 75.9% of their entire populations, as shown in the following table: The 2010 Census: Indigenous Speakers in Jalisco by Municipio, Speakers of Indigenous Languages 3 Years of Age or More, Percent of Indigenous Speakers 3 Years of Age or More in the Municipio. Source: INEGI, 2010 Censo: Población de 3 años y más por entidad y municipio según habla indígena y lengua. After the Mixtón Rebellion, Cazcanes migrated to this area.Tonalá / Tonallan (Central Jalisco), At contact, the region east of here had a female ruler. https://www.hdacoyotes.com/post/los-tecuexes, https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tecuexe&oldid=128920153, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN, Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN, Licencia Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0, FLORES Olague, Jesús; VEGA, Mercedes de; et al (1996), Sullivan, John (2003); "Ytechcopa timoteilhuia yn tobicario = acusamos a nuestro vicario: pleito entre los naturales de Jalostotitlan y su sacerdote, 1618. Then, in 1550, the Chichimeca War began. Guzman’s forces traveled through here in 1530, laying waste to much of the region. In the 1590s Náhuatl-speaking colonists from Tlaxcala and the Valley of Mexico settled in some parts of Jalisco to serve, as Mr. Gerhard writes, “as a frontier militia and a civilizing influence.” As the Indians of Jalisco made peace and settled down to work for Spanish employers, they labored in the fields alongside the Christian, “civilized” Indians. The capital city is Guadalajara, which had a 2010 population of 1,495,182. México. By 1620, many of Jalisco’s indigenous groups had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities. Departamento de la Estadistica Nacional, Estados Unidos Mexicanos. The individual receiving the encomienda, known as the encomendero, received free labor and tribute from the Indians, in return for which the subjects were commended to the encomendero’s care. The present-day Jalisco cities of Lagos de Moreno, Arandas, Ayo el Chico, and Tepatitlán were within the territory of the Guachichiles. Stacy B. Schaefer and Peter T. Furst edited People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion and Survival(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), discussed the history, culture and language of these fascinating people in great detail. The Purépecha Indians ‒ also referred to as the Tarascans and Porhé ‒ inhabited many parts of present-day Michoacán and boasted a powerful empire that rivaled the Aztec Empire during the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Centuries. In describing this phenomenon, Mr. Powell noted that the “Indians formed the bulk of the fighting forces against the Chichimeca warriors; as fighters, as burden bearers, as interpreters, as scouts, as emissaries, the pacified natives of New Spain played significant and often indispensable roles in subjugating and civilizing the Chichimeca country.”, By the middle of the Sixteenth Century, the Tarascans, Aztecs, Cholultecans, Otomíes, Tlaxcalans, and the Cazcanes had all joined forces with the Spanish military. After the Mixtón Rebellion, Cazcanes migrated to this area. “Soldiers Indians and Silver: North America’s First Frontier War. Durante la época colonial, algunos Tecuexes escribían documentos en Nahuatl. The Caxcanes and Tecuexes in this area continued to their hostilities for as many as 260 years until the arrival of the Spaniards. México : INAH, Departamento de Investigaciones Históricas, 1982. Today, the Coras, numbering up to 15,000 people, continue to survive, primarily in Nayarit and Jalisco. ", http://centzuntli.blogspot.com/search/label/Tecuexes http://tototlan.jalisco.gob.mx/acerca/historia, http://www.suplex.mx/tecuexeband/culturatecuexe.html, https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=D2UKQu2vfssC&lpg=PA114&dq=Tecuexes&hl=es&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false, http://bibliotecademexico.gob.mx/libros/dgb/82826_1.pdf. According to Gerhard, when Guzmán’s army arrived in March-April 1530, a thousand dispersed Indian farmers speaking both the Tecuexe and Coca languages lived in the immediate area around Guadalajara. The Tepehuanes language and culture are no longer found in Jalisco, but in the 2010 census, more than 35,000 Tepehuanes residing in southern Chihuahua and southeastern Durango spoke their ancestral language. The population of this area ‒ largely depleted by the epidemics of the Sixteenth Century ‒ was partially repopulated by Spaniards and Indian settlers from Guadalajara and other parts of Mexico. For this reason, they suffered attacks by the Zacatecas and Guachichiles during the Chichimeca War. Lagos de Moreno: D.R.H. At the following link, researchers will find links to each of Jalisco’s municipios. The North Frontier of New Spain. Desde el año 1480 el sur de su territorio fue afectado por grandes emigraciones de refugiados procedentes de la guerra entre los cocas (Reino de coinan) y los tarascos en la llamada Guerra del salitre; señoríos como el de Ixtlahuacan sufrieron grandes cantidades de inmigrantes cocas desde la costa este del lago de Chapala. It must be remembered that, although Jalisco first came under Spanish control in the 1520s, certain sections of the state remained isolated and under Amerindian control until late in the Sixteenth Century. By the early Seventeenth Century, writes Mr. Powell, most of the Chichimeca Indians had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities. The people of these three chiefdoms spoke the Coca language. The Cora Indians have been studied by several historians and archaeologists. Weigand, Phil C. “Considerations on the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Mexicaneros, Tequales, Coreas, Huicholes, and Caxcanes of Nayarit, Jalisco, and Zacatecas,” in William J. Folan (ed. La Barca (East central Jalisco). Philip Wayne Powell – whose Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North America ‘s First Frontier War is the definitive source of information relating to the Chichimeca Indians – referred to Chichimeca as “an all-inclusive epithet” that had “a spiteful connotation.” The Spaniards borrowed this designation from their Aztec allies and started to refer to the large stretch Chichimeca territory as La Gran Chichimeca.
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